Comets :: essays research papers

COMETSComets have been witnessed ever since man has been speculating about objects in the nighttime sky and appear in records from the beginning of recorded civilization (Schweighauser 20). Comets argon made up of four distinct features. The first is the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of frozen gases, mostly water vapor with lesser amounts of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, and imbedded in the frozen gases are interplanetary dust and tiny fragments of stony and metallic meteoric material. Some comets, the larger ones, have a nucleus of 10 kilometers (Schweighauser 22).The second feature of comets is the coma. The coma is composed of atoms and molecules of gas that travels with the nucleus. The coma may be up to 100,000 kilometers in diameter. The third feature of a comet is the head. The head is in force(p) the name given to the coma and nucleus.The last of the features of the comet are the tails. Most comets have two tails. One tail is made from dust particles and the other, called ion tail, is made gases. As a comet approaches the sun, the frozen gas becomes unfrozen which causes the dust particles to become free. Light pressure from the sun and some other forces cause these materials to move away from the head of the comet and in the opposite direction from the sun. According to Charles A. Schweighauser in his book, entitled Astronomy from A to Z A Dictionary of Celestial Objects and Ideas, he states that we see comet heads and tails because they not only reflect sunlight, but they also fluorescegive off their own lightwhen comets are near the sun. The tails from the comet may be up to 150 million kilometers long each or together.Comets have a predictable orbit. There are one thousand comets that have been charted. Some comets go by the sun once and others, which are called daily comets, pass the sun repeatedly following a predicable pattern. I have chosen a periodic comet called Tempel-Tuttle. Ernst Wilhelm Liebrecht Tempel and Horace Parnell Tuttl e discovered this comet. This comet has been witnessed as early as 1366. The best apparition was that of 1366 when it passed 0.

texas vs johnson Essay example -- essays research papers

Texas vs. JohnsonA very controversial court case in American history was Texas vs. Johnson (1984). In 1984, a man named Gregory Lee Johnson followed a sort out of anti Reagan protesters to oppose the American exploitation of third world countries. This act of rebellion resulted in the burning of the American flag. Out of a total of nearly one hundred demonstrators who were involved in this ordeal, Johnson was solely charged with a crime. Johnson was arrested under Texas police, which made the burning of the United States or Texas flags crimes. Johnson was convicted and sentenced to one year in jail and fined two thousand dollars for his crime in restitution. Texas reasoned that the police were preventing the breach of peace consider the flag a symbol of national unity. At Johnsons court trial, he was convicted of aiding, abetting and encouraging the burning of the Texan flag. This, in turn, made Johnson guilty under Texas state law. Johnson and his lawyers were dissatisfied with this decision and made an appeal to the ordinal Texas Supreme Judicial District. This appeal, made on May 8, 1985 would be titled as Texas vs. Johnson. The defense argued that Johnson was prosecuted in violation of the first Amendment, clearly states that no law may take away a persons freedom of speech or expression, and of the Bill of Rights and the free speech clause of the Texas Constitution. Johnson argued that in his opinion, flag burning is break dance of freedom o...

Constructivism: A Matter of Interpretation Essay -- Philosophy Learnin

Constructivism A Matter of Interpretation The theory of stoolivism rests on the notion that there is an innate human capture to make virtuoso of the world. Instead of absorbing or passively receiving objective familiarity that is out there, learners actively construct cognition by integrating natural information and experiences into what they take on previously come to understand, revising and reinterpreting old association in order to reconcile it with the new (Billett 1996). The cognitive structures that learners build include adjective knowledge (how--techniques, skills, and abilities) and propositional knowledge (that--facts, concepts, propositions). Often neglected are dispositions--attitudes, values, and interests that help learners decide Is it worth doing? Knowing how and that is not sufficient without the disposition to do. Other key features of knowledge construction are functional context, social context, and usefulness. The process works most effectively when it i s embedded in a context in which new knowledge and skills will be used. Research on thinking and learning reinforces the idea that people learn through interaction with others (Johnson and Thomas 1994). Although learning is a take of personal and erratic interpretation, it takes place within the social context. In addition, learning must be useful to the learner intrinsic motivation emerges from the desire to understand, to construct meaning (Billett 1996). utilize a constructivist tone-beginning, teachers facilitate learning by encouraging active inquiry, guiding learners to question their tacit assumptions, and coaching them in the construction process. This contrasts with the behavioralist approach that has dominated education, in which the teacher dissemina... .... diary of Technology Studies 20, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 1994) 33-45. (EJ 494 218) Lynch, R. L. Designing Vocational and Technical Teacher cultivation for the 21st Century. Columbus ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Car eer, and Vocational Education, 1997. Parnell, D. rational Context. Vocational Education Journal 71, no. 3 (March 1996) 19-21, 50. (EJ 519 286) Rahn, M. Lively Connections. Vocational Education Journal 71, no. 5 (May 1996) 33-35, 60. (EJ 522 561) Schell, J. W., and Babich, A. M. Tech-Prep and the Development of Higher-Order thinking Skills among Learners with Special Needs. Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education 16, no. 2 (Fall 1993) 6-13. (EJ 472 196) Stevenson, J., ed. Cognition at Work The Development of Vocational Expertise. Leabrook, Australia National centralize for Vocational Education Research, 1994. (ED 380 542) Constructivism A Matter of Interpretation Essay -- Philosophy LearninConstructivism A Matter of Interpretation The theory of constructivism rests on the notion that there is an innate human drive to make sense of the world. Instead of absorbing or passively receiving objective knowledge that is out there, learners actively construct knowle dge by integrating new information and experiences into what they have previously come to understand, revising and reinterpreting old knowledge in order to reconcile it with the new (Billett 1996). The cognitive structures that learners build include procedural knowledge (how--techniques, skills, and abilities) and propositional knowledge (that--facts, concepts, propositions). Often neglected are dispositions--attitudes, values, and interests that help learners decide Is it worth doing? Knowing how and that is not sufficient without the disposition to do. Other key features of knowledge construction are functional context, social context, and usefulness. The process works most effectively when it is embedded in a context in which new knowledge and skills will be used. Research on thinking and learning reinforces the idea that people learn through interaction with others (Johnson and Thomas 1994). Although learning is a matter of personal and unique interpretation, it takes place wit hin the social context. In addition, learning must be useful to the learner intrinsic motivation emerges from the desire to understand, to construct meaning (Billett 1996). Using a constructivist approach, teachers facilitate learning by encouraging active inquiry, guiding learners to question their tacit assumptions, and coaching them in the construction process. This contrasts with the behavioralist approach that has dominated education, in which the teacher dissemina... .... Journal of Technology Studies 20, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 1994) 33-45. (EJ 494 218) Lynch, R. L. Designing Vocational and Technical Teacher Education for the 21st Century. Columbus ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education, 1997. Parnell, D. Cerebral Context. Vocational Education Journal 71, no. 3 (March 1996) 19-21, 50. (EJ 519 286) Rahn, M. Lively Connections. Vocational Education Journal 71, no. 5 (May 1996) 33-35, 60. (EJ 522 561) Schell, J. W., and Babich, A. M. Tech-Prep and the Develo pment of Higher-Order Thinking Skills among Learners with Special Needs. Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education 16, no. 2 (Fall 1993) 6-13. (EJ 472 196) Stevenson, J., ed. Cognition at Work The Development of Vocational Expertise. Leabrook, Australia National Centre for Vocational Education Research, 1994. (ED 380 542)

Tabloids: A Representation of what we consider News Essay example -- E

Tabloids A Representation of what we consider News why is it that every time we represent that someone is tutelage a journal we have that gut urge to sneak into their bag and read all of their innermost thoughts? We all experience it. Although most want to abandon it, there is no escaping that part of us that wants to know all we can about other people. Luckily, there is a medium that lets us do mediocre that. Tabloids make the lives of others, especially celebrities, an open book for all to read and scrutinize. Not only do tabloids offer the lives of others on a silver platter, but they alike let readers get sensational satisfaction, meaning they have the ability to be actively involved in articles with all their senses. Emotional stories, graphic images, terrifying barbaric epics, the lives of others, are all presented to readers in one convenient medium the tabloid. The tabloid is not a new medium whatsoever, in fact the model for the neo tabloid dates all the w ay back to folklore. Before the printing press was introduced into society, oral storytelling was the only way society satisfied their craving for scandal and stimulate stories. People spoke about their neighbors business and far-fetched happenings, and the only way to pass those stories on was to tell the story. Just like a gage of telephone that we have all played in grade school, stories ended up changing and being misconstrued to later form urban legends that we still let on about today. It wasnt until Johann Gutenberg introduced the printing press in the 1450s that the ancestors of tabloids truly emerged in a form that specifically helped to shape the modern tabloid we see today. America and Europe experienced a monumental transformation because... ...bloid Tales Global Debates over Media Standards. Maryland Roman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.Sloan, Bill. I Watched a Wild Hog bury My Baby A Colorful History of Tabloids and Their Cultural Impact. New York Prometheus Books. 2001 Lumby, Catherine and Elspeth Probyn. RemoteControl New Media, New Ethics. New York Cambridge University Press, 2003.Cuozzo, Steven. Its Alive How Americas Oldest Newspaper Cheated Death and Why is Matters. New York Random House, 1996. Bird, Elizabeth S. For Enquiring Minds A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids. Tennesse Undecided of Tennessee, 1992.Yalof, David and Kenneth Dautrich. The First Amendment and the Media in the Court of Public Opinion. New York Cambridge University Press, 2002. Barkin, Steve M. The Journalist Storyteller A interdisciplinary Perspective. American Journalism Vol 1. 1984.

The Comparative Advantage of Sexual Divisions of Labor Essay -- Econom

Historical Perspectives on the Comparative Advantage of Sexual Divisions of LaborIn modern microeconomic models of the category, wizard commonly sees a division of labor between the husband and wife predicated on a comparative benefit in the market or the household respectively. The idea is that women are somehow less fit for work in the marketplace while they are innately superior at the domestic tasks of cooking, cleaning, and childrearing. at that place are two prevailing perspectives on the mechanics of this comparative advantage. The first argues that women are somehow biologically fitted to domestic tasks. This was true for Adam Smith who precept the social structures of society arising out of a biological necessity. Malthus, on the other hand, saw the same biological necessity as operating in adversary to the social structures that arose to keep the pressures of population in check. The second perspective argues that a comparative advantage is a socially constructed idea and not rooted in the biological history of the race. Martineau in her story Cousin Marshall delineated the life of what she saw as a virtuous and noble woman. Virginia Woolf, however, decried what she saw as the deplorable poverty of women in A Room of Ones Own. Her solution, however, only served to further separate the spheres of men and women. Finally, Charlotte Perkins Gilman similarly objected to the state of women in Women and political economy and ultimately proposed a society that abolished any division of labor along sexual lines. no(prenominal)e of these authors seem to contest the presence of a comparative advantage in the division of labor as their societies stand. However this does not imply that all the authors agreed on the exact features of this... ...here there were no gendered distinctions in excuse of women. One could argue that our modern society is a point along the way to attaining Gilmans utopian solution. More likely, however, we have made lit tle distribute and Gilmans solutions still feel innovative and strange.ReferencesGilman, C (1998). Women and Economics A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a factor in in Social Evolution. Berkeley University of California Press.Malthus, Thomas R (1798). Essay on the Principle of Population Electronic Version. Retrieved September 19, 2003, from http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/ public/MalPopu.htmlMartineau, H (1832). Illustrations of Political Economy No. VIII. London Charles Fox.Smith, A (1766). Lectures on Jurisprudence. Oxford Oxford University Press.Woolf, V (1929). A Room of Ones Own. London Harcourt.

The Comparative Advantage of Sexual Divisions of Labor Essay -- Econom

Historical Perspectives on the Comparative Advantage of Sexual Divisions of LaborIn modernistic microeconomic models of the household, one commonly sees a course of study of wear upon between the husband and wife predicated on a comparative advantage in the market or the household respectively. The idea is that women are in some manner less fit for work in the marketplace while they are innately superior at the domestic tasks of cooking, cleaning, and childrearing. There are two wonted perspectives on the mechanics of this comparative advantage. The first argues that women are somehow biologically fitted to domestic tasks. This was true for Adam Smith who saw the social structures of hostelry arising forth of a biological necessity. Malthus, on the other hand, saw the same biological necessity as operating in opposition to the social structures that arose to keep the pressures of people in check. The second perspective argues that a comparative advantage is a socially c onstructed idea and not rooted in the biological history of the race. Martineau in her story Cousin Marshall delineated the life of what she saw as a virtuous and noble woman. Virginia Woolf, however, decried what she saw as the deplorable poverty of women in A Room of Ones Own. Her solution, however, only served to further separate the spheres of men and women. Finally, Charlotte Perkins Gilman similarly objected to the state of women in Women and Economics and ultimately proposed a society that abolished any division of labor along sexual lines. None of these authors seem to contest the presence of a comparative advantage in the division of labor as their societies stand. However this does not imply that all the authors agreed on the exact features of this... ...here there were no gendered distinctions in defense of women. One could argue that our modern society is a point along the way to attaining Gilmans utopian solution. More likely, however, we have made little progr ess and Gilmans solutions still pure tone innovative and strange.ReferencesGilman, C (1998). Women and Economics A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution. Berkeley University of atomic number 20 Press.Malthus, Thomas R (1798). Essay on the Principle of Population Electronic Version. Retrieved September 19, 2003, from http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/ public/MalPopu.htmlMartineau, H (1832). Illustrations of Political Economy No. VIII. London Charles Fox.Smith, A (1766). Lectures on Jurisprudence. Oxford Oxford University Press.Woolf, V (1929). A Room of Ones Own. London Harcourt.

Educational Psychologists Essay

Lawrence Kohlbergs view on honourable Development and Education has widened the view in the study of educational psychology. His theory provided in the buff inputs in understanding the manner that individuals acquire information and learn. By defining these process through three important stages namely pre conventional level, conventional level, and stomach conventional level (UC Berkeley, 2008). It is through this that he ascertains how individuals gain virtuous maturity and the capacity to respond to others and develop relationships.Assessing Kohlbergs contribution to educational psychology, he tested to critique the traditional system of teaching especially in shaping and honing moral value. Rather than shaping students, it only forces them to achieve a specific values mandated or dictated by the educator or the curriculum. It is in here that he tries to promote the concept of moral education. The particular process involves immersing students towards effectively utilizing mor al discipline so as to help students react effectively based on their current reasoning (UC Berkeley, 2008).In essence, Kohlbergs contribution revolves around his out-of-the-box get in dealing with educational methods. Rather than being strict with these policies, he reinvented the process of moral reasoning and acquisition of values by collaborating new intend to create collective norms. Given this process, students then become more reactive in dealing with the manner students react to specific moral issues responsibly. Seeing this, the get going of Kohlberg is an expansion on the view of Piagets and often critiqued to be mainly an extension of what Piaget provides.However, Kohlberg tries to step away from this by trying to define and argue that the substitution element of moral development is a concrete facet different from what Piaget points out. At the same time, he tries to showcase his perspective on how collective and responsive the acquisition of morality must be. It mu st not only come from one source but rather through a collective undertaking. References UC Berkeley (2008) Moral Development and Moral Education An Overview. Retrieved from http//tigger. uic. edu/lnucci/MoralEd/overview. htmlkohlberg

African American and Personal Essay Essay

For freshman applicants only. This personal essay is a very important part of your application. It assists the University in knowing you as an individual, independent of test scores and other objective data. We ask that you respond to two of the topics below. Your personal essay should be no long-lasting than 250 words per question for a total of 500 words for both personal essays in the space provided below. The best personal essay is not inevitably the longest. The essay will be requested if it is not the appropriate length. What qualities or unique characteristics do you possess that would every(prenominal)ow you to contribute to the university community? Describe an activity, interest, experience, or achievement in your life (this could be a book, a movie, or an activity or experience at operate on, home, or school) that has been particularly meaningful for you. How has your family history, culture, or environment influenced who you are? 1. When I think of what I can contribute to the university to community, I begin to look at what the university is all about.Florida A M University is all about warmth and acceptance. Its all about driving students from all walks of life to perform to the best of their capabilities. There all about welcoming African American students and encouraging them to pursue greater heights. My only wish is that I will be given a chance to contribute even in the smallest of right smart, in dishing the university keep its reputation and the prestige it deserves. Doing so is not an impossible task for I weigh that simply being myself will be a contribution itself.I honestly believe that I am strong enough to face the multiple challenges that will come along the way as I pursue my studies. Moreover, I believe that being an African American I can contribute to the cultural diversity of the university. FAMU is known for preserving and stimulate the cultural and historical heritage of the African Americans. Furthermore, the school is known to encourage African Americans to pursue their studies and become competitive in the world.I firmly believe that with my willingness to learn and to succeed, can contribute to the cause. In my little way, I can set an example to my fellow African Americans on how to actively pursue and work towards ones goals. My belief that education is vital in achieving success is parallel with that of the university and somehow, in my everyday dealings with other students, I can help strengthen such belief. My contribution to the university community may not be grand .However through my constant strives for success I will be able to prove how valuable the education that FAMU provides can be. 2. Something that has been particularly meaningful to me is the passing of my little sister Laura in the spring on April 2, 2011. She was 11 old age old, she died n a car accident on her way home with our neighbors, the tire blew out and the car flipped over 6 times killing her and 6 others. My sister was an A student, took all honors classes and never troubled anyone, she was a happy hearted person, loved to be around people.She looked up to me and wanted to be just uniform me, for instance she liked cheerleading, color guard, band, and track. those are some of the sports I participate in now and now that she is gone I look up to her and I want to Graduate High school and get into College for my Parents, myself and for her because she would of been so proud of me to see that day I walk that stage in remembrance of her I will do anything it takes to fulfill her dreams and mines, its what she would have wanted.

Live Without TV Essay

When my familys only television set went to the repair shop the other day, my parents, my babe, and I thought we would experience a terrible week. How could we get through the long evenings in such a quiet house? What would it be like without all the shows to keep us company? We soon realized, though, that living without television for a while was a stroke of good fortune. It became easy for apiece of us to enjoy nigh activities alone, to exhaust some postponed chores, and to spend rewarding era with each other and friends.First of all, with no television to compete for our time, we found plenty of hours for personal interests. We all rent more that week than we had read during the six months before. My father seemed to be addicted to newspapers during his free time at home. My sister and I had time to complete the rule book Top 100 romance novels that I had borrowed for three months and we had also shared our feeling together. We each also enjoyed some hobbies we had ignored for ages. My family went swimming every spend and we found more interesting than ever before.In addition, my sister and I both stopped procrastinating with our homework. We realized that without televisions attraction, we could finish our homework fast and more effective. Second, we did chores that had been hanging over our heads for too long. There were many jobs around the house that had needed attraction for some time. The things we had to do were cleaning up our rooms, and consequently renewing them with paper-hangings. My father did laundry while my mother arranged the kitchen, and my sister and I took care of plants in the garden.We also had a chance to do some long-postponed shopping. Go shopping with family was my hobby and my mother had chances to buy some essential items. I bought some new English books and of course, some new short stories. And each of us also caught up with e-mail and did paperwork that was long overdue. Dad and mom finished their reports and our two sisters completed our presentations sooner than planned. Finally, and probably most important, we pass time with each other. Instead of just being in the same room together while we stared at a screen, we actually talked for many pleasant hours.My sister had an opportunity to tell about her short vacation with her friends to Nha Trang. We also shared our feelings about our daily work. Moreover, for the first time in years, my family played some games together. We reminded our memories with some(prenominal) games of chess with our own funny rules. And because we did not realize to worry about missing this or that show, we had some family friends over on a couple of evenings and spent an enjoyable time with them. My parents had chances to chat for hours with their close friends and they found very glad.They were all proud of their children, their jobs and their happy life. Once our television returned, we were not prepared to put in the attic. But we had some sense of how it can t ake over our lives if we are not careful. We are not more selective. We turn on the set for our deary shows, certain sports events, and the news, but we do not leave it running all evening. As a result, we find we can enjoy television and still have time left for other activities and interests.

Ergonomics

The aim of this translate is to investigate the isometrical lineal military bewilder or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring range strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participants strength percentile value in the population for each strength category washbowl be engineerd and chari remand biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in man capabilities privy be understood by comparing the selective information collected. Also the personal effects of the factors, like seize span, carpus stead or using the plethoric side, on each of the strength categories tush be examined. . INTRODUCTION Isometric strength is the force that a muscle group can exert without movement. supreme Isometric strength is the maximum force that a muscle group can exert without movement. It is also c every(prenominal)ed MVC (maximum voluntary contraction). Some of the widely used isometric strengths atomic number 18 arm strength, shoulder strength, composite (leg) strength, back (torso) strength, grip strength and pinch strength. entirely of the strength categories be measured for the subjects excluding for the ones having health problems about their waist.These measurements atomic number 18 done by using Caldwell Protocol, which says that after a build-up time of about 2 seconds, the subject is required to maintain a steady state maximum doing for at least 3 seconds and this (average) level is taken as the subjects strength score. So that we can say that, in general, the isometric strength measurement procedure requires individuals to build-up their muscular exertion slowly over a 4-6 seconds period, without jerking, and maintain the peak exertion for about 3 seconds. This peak exertion (3 sec average) is the isometric strength of the individual.No external motivation should be provided. A break of at least 30 seconds should be provided amongst successive exertions if solely a few measureme nts are to be make. It is necessary to increase the rest duration to 2 minutes if about 15 measurements are to be made in one rise session. This additional rest is necessary to recover from fatigue generated due to the isometric exertion (Mital and Kumar, 1998). While measuring the strength categories, the effects of some factors like elbow angle, wrist gravel, grip span and using dominant or non-dominant side are observed.The orientation of the arm influences human isometric strength exertion capability. As the arm orientation changes the mechanical advantage also changes, resulting in weaker or stronger strength exertions. Also the wrist orientation is unfavorable in generating isometric torques with non-powered hand tools. Approximately 70% much torque is exerted when wrenches are in the horizontal position than when they are in vertical positions (Mital and Kumar, 1998). Therefore, by using some statistical techniques like analysis of variance ( analytic thinking of Variance ), the significance of the factors that are mentioned before is tested. . OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to investigate the isometric strength or MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) by measuring grip strength, arm strength, leg strength, torso strength and key pinch strength. So that each participants strength percentile values in the population for each strength category can be calculated and human biomechanical capabilities and relative variability in human capabilities can be understood by comparing the data collected.Also the effects of the factors, like grip span, wrist posture or using the dominant side, on each of the strength categories can be examined. 4. METHODS The experimental task consisted of performing isometric handgrip, pinch grip and lifting contractions for the combinations of the levels of wrist posture, grip-span and by using the dominant or non-dominant side in a standing posture. The equipments used are handgrip dynamometer, pinch grip dynamom eter and lift platform.Our lab group conducting this study consists of twain female and a male student, which are all right-handed and served as subjects. While measuring the grip strength the combinations of neutral wrist posture with the 5 grip-span conditions, vary from 33mm to 85mm, are used. For the second setting the combinations with the wrist flexion and wrist extension are measured too. Then non-dominant side MVC in neutral posture in 3rd setting for males and in 2nd setting for females, and dominant side MVC keeping the wrist in neutral posture and the elbow at 150o angle are measured.The reason for using the 3rd setting for males and 2nd setting for females is that, on average, 3rd setting is the standard for male hand size, and 2nd setting is the standard for female hand size. After finishing the grip strength measurements, the key pinch strength at neutral arm and wrist posture is measured. After all, by using the lifting platform, MVC for arm, leg and torso strength are measured. While measuring all types of strength categories Caldwell protocol is used and all of the measurements are done as two trials. The data including only the maximum recordings can be seen from the circuit card below Table 4. Collected Data for All Group atoms for All Strength Categories Name Dominant lay hold of (on Non-dominant Dominant Arm Strength(MVC) GS (MVC) side GS at Lift elbow 150 Female 16. 43 4. 47 19. 6 17 Male 37. 86 6. 69 44. 81 19 The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average.And the teaching like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same manner from the table below. Table 5. 2 The percentiles of small group and data comparison with the population pic Another result from the study is the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture. In order to understand the effects, digest of Variance (ANOVA) test is done. Our ANOVA hypothesis is as the following H0The group means are not different. H1The group means are different. For the ANOVA results we can look at the following table to investigate he r-squared values, p-values and f values to understand the effects and relationships. According to the results taken the highest p-valued factor is the wrist posture which has 3 levels of extension, neutral and flexion. Then comes the elbow posture and finally the grip-span. Table 5. 3 R-squared, p-value and f values of factors effecting grip strength r-squared p-value f grip grip span 0. 9395 0. 64 3. 45 strength vs. wrist posture 0. 8997 0. 769 0. 28 elbow posture 0. 9896 0. 32 1 1. 71 The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the representative fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data youd get an r-squared of around 0. 85. Finally in order to support the other techniques we have looked at the result of the Tukeys test. 5. DISCUSSION The implication of strength measurements in Ergonomic Intervention and the uses and importance of strength data in ergonomic intervention can be explained by the means of the following concepts.Many industrial activities are performed through human intervention. It is generally accepted that knowledge of what a person can or cannot do under specified circumstances is essential for effective work design and injury prevention. kind strength recommendations for tool design and work and workspace design have also been receiving considerable attention. Lack of design guidelines and display procedu res can lead to overloading of the muscle-tendon bone-joint system and, on that pointby, fatigue and possible consequent injuries. As a matter of fact, Chaffin et al. (1978) have reported that the incidence rate of back injuries ustained on the job increased when the job strength requirements exceeded isometric strengths of the workers. Human strengths of individuals thus form the basis for many design data bases and screening procedures. Therefore we can say that the overall intent of these developments is to reduce injuries and, in the process, maximize industrial productivity. 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The results indicate that although theres not a meaning(a) diversity, the optimum grip-span setting for the males is the 3rd, for the females is the 2nd setting as its been told in the literature.These findings were supported by the results of tukeys test, which shows that the maximum strength is achieved with these settings. Also when we look at the R-squared values fr om the ANOVA test applied to understand the relationship between grip strength and grip-span and wrist/elbow posture, we can see that the effect is not so significant because of the orotund R-squared values. But if we want to sort them, wrist posture is the most significant, and then grip-span and elbow posture come respectively, where it can be seen easily from the table below Table 7. R-squared values for the factors effecting grip strenth r-squared grip grip span 0. 9395 strength vs. wrist posture 0. 8997 elbow posture 0. 9896 Although the effect is not significant, the study suggests that grip span of a tool and the posture of wrist and elbow are important factors to be considered.From this study it can be understood that the isometric strength measurement is inexpensive and flexible. But the major disadvantage of isometric testing is that only one joint angle is tested at a time. If different joint angles need to be tested, the process must be repeated for each angle. Therefore as a further study, ways to test different joint angles one at a time can be studied. REFERENCES Eksioglu, M. , 2006. Optimal work-rest cycles for an isometric intermittent gripping task as a function of force, posture and grip span.Ergonomics, 49, 180-201. Eksioglu, M. , 2004. Relative optimum grip span as a function of hand anthropometry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 34, 1-12. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage Part I Guidelines for the practitioner. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 101-121. Mital, A. , Kumar, S. , 1998. Human muscle strength definitions, measurement, and usage Part II The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide.International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 22, 123-144. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Confidence_interval http//talkstats. com/showthread. php? t=2460 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stu dents_t-test http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons http//www. le. ac. uk/bl/gat/virtualfc/Stats/mult. htm APPENDIX A) Descriptive statistics of the collected sample data (mean, std. dev. , and range only). In calculations, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table A. Descriptive Statistics of the collected sample data Descriptive Statistics FEMALE Variable Mean StDev Variance seethe FEMALE 16,43 4,47 19,96 17,0 Descriptive Statistics MALE Variable Mean StDev Variance Range MALE 37,86 6,69 44,81 19,00 B) Each participants strength percentile values in the population for each strength category (pinch strength calculations excluded). Again, we have considered only the highest values but not all trial values. Table B. 1 Grip strength percentile calculations Descriptive Statistics Dicle Duygu Gurkan Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR Dicle 10,00 15,00 17,00 7,00 Duygu 15,00 19,00 20,00 5,00 Gurkan 33,00 36,00 43,00 10,00 Table B. 2 Leg, arm, torso strength percentiles measured for each participant Descriptive Statistics ARM. M LEG. F LEG. M TORSO. M TORSO. FARM. DYG ARM. DCL Variable Q1 Median Q3 IQR ARM.M * 34,300 * * LEG. F * 48,40 * * LEG. M * 109,90 * * TORSO. M * 119,1 * * TORSO. F * 53,00 * * ARM.DYG * 15,650 * * ARM. DCL * 11,20 * * C) 95% confidence interval for the true average grip strength, based on the sample data. pic C. I. for alpha = 0. 05 For males (30. 334 , 45. 386) For females (9. 466 , 23. 394) These intervals say that in 95 of 100 trials these intervals contain the true average grip strength. D) Grip-strength vs. grip-width and wrist/elbow posture relationships Table D. 1 ANOVA Grip-span sets relationship General Linear fabric Value versus Grip Member Factor Type Levels Values Grip restore 5 set1 set2 set3 set4 set5 Member fixed 3 dicle duygu gurkan Analysis of Variance for Value, using Adjusted SS for Tests Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Grip 4 171,60 1 71,60 42,90 3,45 0,064 Member 2 1374,40 1374,40 687,20 55,20 0,000 Error 8 99,60 99,60 12,45 Total 14 1645,60 S = 3,52846 R-Sq = 93,95% R-Sq(adj) = 89,41% Table D. 2 ANOVA Wrist posture relationship General Linear Model values versus position names Factor Type Levels Values position fixed 3 ext flex neutral names fixed 3 dicle duygu gurkan Analysis of Variance for values, using Adjusted SS for Tests Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P position 2 18,67 18,67 9,33 0,28 0,769 names 2 1178,00 1178,00 589,00 17,67 0,010 Error 4 133,33 133,33 33,33 Total 8 1330,00 S = 5,77350 R-Sq = 89,97% R-Sq(adj) = 79,95% Table D. 3 ANOVA Elbow position relationship General Linear Model numbers versus elbow. members Factor Type Levels Values elbow. p fixed 2 ds150 neutral members fixed 3 dicle duygu gurkan Analysis of Variance for numbers, using Adjusted SS for Tests Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P elbow. p 1 6,00 6,00 6,00 1,71 0,321 members 2 660,33 660,33 330,17 94,33 0,010 Error 2 7,00 7,00 3,50 Total 5 673,33 S = 1,87083 R-Sq = 98,96% R-Sq(adj) = 97,40% The quality of the fit is given by the statistical number r-squared. An r-squared of 1. 0 would mean that the model fit the data perfectly, with the line going right through every data point. More realistically, with real data youd get an r-squared of around 0. 85. So that, we can say that the effect of the factors investigated is not significant by looking at the large R-squared values. E) Comparison analysis among the data collected (Analysis of Variance, multiple comparison and t-tests, as necessary). In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value? 0, one uses the statistic pic wheresis thesample standard disagreementof the sample andnis the sample size.The degrees of freedom used in this test isn? 1. Also we can use the Multiple Comparison Tests, which are a group of tests that follow on from one or two-factor ANOVA or the Kr uskal-Wallis test,but only if significant differences have been found. It would appear that they could be used on their own but because they are not as powerful as ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, they can occasionally fail to find differences when the former succeed. They are used for exactly the same reasons that ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis are used, but provide more information. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis can only tell you whether there is a difference between two or more of your groups and not which ones.We made ANOVA test for the grip-span settings, elbow/wrist posture and dominant/non-dominant side usage. When we look at the R-squared values from the ANOVA results, we fail to reject the null hypothesis H0 The group means are not different. H1 The group means are different. Because, we have large R-squared values. And also by looking at the F and p-values,which is a small value, we can say that there is not a significant difference between the test groups. There is no need to conduct Tukey test because of failing to reject the null hypothesis, but despite of this situation we have conducted to support our previous(prenominal) results. And again we saw that there is not a significant difference. C25 = set1 subtracted from C25 turn down Center Upper -++++ set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (*) set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (-*) set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (*) set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (*) -++++ -25 0 25 50 In this test, set 1 is compared with the other sets average. And as it can be seen the sets are not significantly different, there is only a slight difference, because the range includes 0. So that theres chance that different sets give the same results. TUKEYS TEST FOR SETS One-way ANOVA C26 versus C25 Source DF SS MS F P C25 4 172 43 0,29 0,877 Error 10 1474 147 Total 14 1646 S = 12,14 R-Sq = 10,43% R-Sq(adj) = 0,00% Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev Level N Mean StDev -++++ set1 3 21,67 12,42 (*) set2 3 26,67 14,15 (*) set3 3 28,00 13,75 (*) s et4 3 21,67 10,60 (*) set5 3 19,00 9,00 (*) -++++ 12 24 36 48 Pooled StDev = 12,14 Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of C25 Individual confidence level = 99,18% C25 = set1 subtracted from C25 Lower Center Upper -++++ set2 -27,59 5,00 37,59 (*) set3 -26,26 6,33 38,93 (-*) set4 -32,59 0,00 32,59 (*) set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (*) -++++ -25 0 25 50 C25 = set2 subtracted from C25 Lower Center Upper -++++ set3 -31,26 1,33 33,93 (-*) set4 -37,59 -5,00 27,59 (*) set5 -40,26 -7,67 24,93 (*) -++++ -25 0 25 50 C25 = set3 subtracted from C25 Lower Center Upper -++++ set4 -38,93 -6,33 26,26 (*-) set5 -41,59 -9,00 23,59 (*) -++++ -25 0 25 50 C25 = set4 subtracted from C25 Lower Center Upper -++++ set5 -35,26 -2,67 29,93 (*) -++++ -25 0 25 50 E) CONTINUED Comparison of our data with population data. In order to compare, we should calculate the percentiles Calculating percentiles for a va lue relative to a population with known mean (50th %tile) and standard deviation (assuming normal distribution) 1. Calculate z. pic z = (37,86 40. 5)/3. 84 = -0,69 2. vista up the z value from the table of cumulative probabilities of the standard normal distribution. z = -0,69 is about 0. 25 so the percentile is 25% for the first calculation.Here is the table of our all computations taken from EXCEL Table E. 1 Comparison of our data with population data pic The following table combines the data collected from the subjects with the data taken from the population. By looking at it, one can say that for males, with respect to grip strength, our sample mean, 37. 86 is about the 25% tile in strength, which means, Gurkan has more strength than about 25% of the population. And by using the same way, we can say that our female subjects have more strength than 2% of the population on average. And the information like percentiles for the rest of strength categories can be seen in a same ma nner from the table above.

Little Prince Reaction Paper

The Little Prince It is only with the touchwood that one can see rightly. What is essential Is invisible to the eye. This line struck me the most in this book because it is definitely real. It is Important to see things not only through the eyes but through the heart as well. Seeing through the heart is like looking at life with love. Life has many problems and by seeing things variantly, it would make everything feel better. Looking at things in a diametrical perspective creates a big difference.People usually tend to take for ranted those citizenry who love them. They usually look for others whom they do not really love. But whom they want. I learned a lot of things from this book because it is all about the adventure of a little prince who went to different planets to forget about his rise and the plurality he met in his journey. Including the narrator. He learns the secret of the importance of life on planet Earth. The book also emphasizes the difference between the minds of the children and adult.The adult tend to see things in a different way that coincides tit the point of view of the children. In the case of the narrator, his childhood was lonely because he dreamed of becoming a jaguar but he failed because the adults saw his drawings in a different perspective. He was disheartened by this and so he gave up his dream. The little prince had a different problem. He left the love of his life, the rose, In his planet. When he went to Earth, he saw a garden full of roses. He entangle betrayed by his love because the rose told him that it was unparalleled and one and only rose.He was disheartened but when he met a fox who made him realize that the rose was his rose because he loves it and so it was unique from all the rest. Another important lesson that I learned from the book Is that people should learn how to value friendship. Some people tend to forget some people who made an important mark in their lives. Having a true friend is rare and we all know that money cannot buy love and friendship. One of the lines in the book supports this idea. men have no more time to understand anything. They buy things all ready made at the cheat ons.But there is no shop anywhere where one can buy friendship, and so men have no friends anymore These close ties would make us happy because we need people who care for us and also we need to care for someone. Just like the little prince and the fox he met on earth, when the former tamed the latter, he felt responsible for the fox. When the little prince had to go already, the fox was sad because he was already attached to the prince. The little prince was unhappy because the fox wanted to cry and that he vox populi he only wasted the foxs time.The tofu eel important. I learned that caring for people is essential because it would make both parties happy. The feeling that someone loves you and someone wants to be with you is a very happy feeling that no one wants to live without. As a integral , this book gave me many ideas and realizations that I would treasure in my whole life. I realized that is should not take for granted the people who loves me dearly. I learned the value of friendship and preserving them. And lastly, I learned to see things in a different perspective by looking things from my heart.

Alienation Essay

Metamorphosis is a change in physical form or structure. In The Metamorphosis, there is a literal change in the protagonist, Gregor Samsas, physical form from a man to an insect. This metamorphosis brings to light one of the major themes in the reinvigorated the theme of alienation. Todays society demands conformity to its norms and any individual who refuses to accept these faces alienation. Such is the fate of Gregor in the accounting. Before Gregors metamorphosis, he is estranged from his job, humanity, his family, and even his body. The metamorphosis, however, takes the alienation to a different plane. In the story, Gregors job precipitates his alienation from society, his family, and himself. Gregors initial alienation is from his physical body and as the story progresses we find that Gregors life as an insect is not much different from his life as a human.From the first few paragraphs we get the plan that Gregors metamorphosis has only transformed him from one body to a les s convenient one. He does not seem frazzled by his transformation, but explores his untried body and tries to work with it. He observes his numerous legs, which were pitifully thin compared to the rest of his bulk (Kafka, 494), he feels a dull ache he had never undergo before (495), and he discovers a place on his body that he cannot itch. Gregor does not seem to have any emotional change due to this transformation. This is unornamented when he wakes up after his transformation and is annoyed that he cannot go to sleep because he cannot turn onto his right side. He also thinks about how he can no longer attend work.

What Makes Sammy Run?

What Makes Sammy Run? by Budd Schulberg portrays the life of Sammy Glick a young and ambitious copy boy who rises to fame as a screenwriter in Hollywood. The name of the novel is significant in itself, for it underlines an age-old question What makes an individual run? Is it the craving for success? Written in 1941 when the world was comparatively quieter in terms of competitive edges, the novel seeks to find an answer to this question. The author does not temper the unethical means Sammy, the protagonist of the novel, resorts to in his run. (Schulberg, p.3)Budd Schulberg completely exposes his of import characters inability to care for opposites, especially his friends and associates whom he needed during the days of his struggle. Sammy is shown as a person who can go to any period to fulfill his ambition of attaining the pinnacle of success in Hollywood. He does not mind backstabbing others, even his girlfriend, to reach his long cherished goal, and in the process, make himsel f a victim of self-inflicted l iliness and frustration. This book report is going to present a brief summary of the novel before examining Sammys relationship with the narrator Al Manheim.It is as well going to make a comparative character analysis of the two, thereby suggestion changes in their relation if there is any. The report will also focus emphatically on the end of the novel to investigate Sammys situation. Summary What Makes Sammy Run? begins with Al Manheims recollection of how he met a puerile Sammy, full of vigor and energy, when the boy was working under him as a copy boy to deliver newspapers. Immediately after he comes to jockey Sammy personally, he develops a strange attachment for him, partially out of his curiosity to explore the boys nature and partially out of his own business interests.However, Sammy regards Al as his best friend and mentor. The story of Sammys rise and eventual fall begins when one day he impersonates Manheim and rewrites one of his newspa per columns to impress the managing editor. Thus, Sammy manages to further a column of his own. Later on, he steals a piece of writing by an aspirant named Julian Blumberg who wishes to make a career in screenwriting vocation in Hollywood. This event turns the fortune for Sammy as he is credited for original screenplay of the movie Girl Steals Boy when it hits the theater.The next few years witnesses Sammy climbing the streamlet of success and popularity in the most prized seat of stardom in the world. As fate would have it, he hires Blumberg as his ghost writer for a minimal payment. Meanwhile, Manheim comes to know that Catherine Kit Sargent, one of the most promising novelists and screenwriters, has developed a crush for Sammy. Although Manheim is emotionally attached to this lady, he is openly told by her that she prefers Sammy to him. In the process tracing Sammys frenzied run for success and recognition, Manheim also observes the power game and corruption that run rampant b ehind the scene at Hollywood.This is evident from the feature that Sidney Fineman, one of the revered producers around, gets victimized by Sammy, loses his job and dies, apparently of a broken heart. Moreover, Sammy goes about his mindless business of securing his career and personal life in the indignant manner imaginable when he decides to dump his girlfriend to marry Laurette, the daughter of a wealthy Wall Street banker Harrington. This marriage proves to be a disaster for Sammy as Laurette sees it no better than a business affair. Eventually Sammy finds his heart empty as empty as the big mansion he owes, and orders for getting him a prostitute.Sammys relationship with Manheim Comparison between Two Characters As mentioned earlier, Sammy and Manheim share a relationship of friendship and mentorship. However, reversal of roles and values is one of the major themes in the novel as the mutual dependency between Sammy and Manheim changes in the course of it. It is Sammy who is e mployed under Manheim in the beginning, but later on Manheim finds himself writing screenplays for Sammy. Again, Manheim is of moderate disposition in comparison with Sammys aggressive demeanor.He is portrayed as an observer whereas Sammy is the go-getter in modern corporate terminology. Sammy in the End The ending of What Makes Sammy Run? renders an incisive thrust to the very conscience of its readers. Schulberg gives his protagonist the life he truly deserves after fiddling around with other peoples careers and emotions. So it can be said that the author, with somewhat ironic affection, puts a brake to Sammy Glicks running wheels of fortune by do him suffer for his actions. References Schulberg, Budd. (1993). What Makes Sammy Run?. New York Vintage.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

There argon a heterogeneous group of degenerative disorders that touch on destruction of the large motor neurons of the brain. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (amyotrophic squinty induration) is one. The motor effects of this disease can be devastating. The usual course is a progression to death within 3 to 4 years. In the linked Kingdom, ALS is often know as motor neuron disease. ALS is a innovative neuromuscular disease that weakens and eventually destroys motor neurons that connect the brain with the skeletal muscles.NIEHS grantee Serge Przedborski of Columbia University has pioneered the investigation of the molecular(a) mechanisms leading to the death of neurons that occurs in ALS and Parkinson disease. ALS, the most common adult- blast paralytic disease, is most commonly diagnosed in middle age, and affects men more often than women. Patients gradually lose the ability to speak, swallow, and move voluntarily. Sensory function and intellectual ability are unaffected, and de ath usually results from loss of respiratory function.The disease affects all racial, socioeconomic, and heathenish groups, and the life expectancy of ALS patients is usually three to five years after diagnosis. ALS results in progressive damage to the pyramidal motor system. There is a degeneration of both the upper and lour motor neurons leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and losts of function. In most cases there is no loss of sensation, and intellect and anatomical sphincter control are preserved. The damage is typically bilateral, and although usually rapid in progression, the disease whitethorn on occasion proceed slowly, or stabilize after a period of progression. The reported incidence is closely 0.4 to 1. 8/100,000 (Tandan & Bradley, 1986) and prevalence estimates range from 4 to 7/100,000. The mean age of onset lies surrounded by 55 and 60 and the disease is more common in males than females (21 Hudson, 1981). Death is usually preceded by progressive respiratory fai lure. The ca handling of ALS is unknown. In ab come out of the closet 5% to 10% of cases the disease is familial in most of these cases the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant. The disease similarly occurs amongst the Chamorros on the island of Guam at a often higher rate than elsewhere, suggesting an environmental toxin can cause the disease (Rowland, 1987).However, the majority of cases arise sporadically. Cognitive Deficits Clinicians on the job(p) with ALS patients generally conclude that the disease does non cause aberration. Although there are cases of ALS where dementia does present, this can be attributed to the concurrent effects of DAT (Caroscio, 1986). Testing ALS patients with intellectual exceeds has produced mixed results. Poloni, Capitani, Mazzini, and Ceroni (1986) order no difference on the WAIS between 21 ALS subjects and 21 comparison subjects with nondementing neurological conditions.In two other studies (Gallassi, Montagna, Ciardulli, Lorusso, Muss uto, & Stracciari, 1985 Iwaski, Kinoshita, Ikeda, Takamiya, & Shiojima, 1990) intellectual deterioration in ALS patients was strand when the test results were compared to those of healthy controls. It remains to be determined whether these cognitive changes occurred as a result of ALS, or whether the differences were due to the nonspecific effects of hospitalization and intervention. ALS is not generally regarded as a dementing disorder. Psychosocial ConsequencesThe individual with ALS depends major problems in converse because of dysarthria, a reduction in mobility, pain from muscle atrophy, and the knowledge that the disease will progress to fatuity and death. Motor dysfunctions occur in the absence of cognitive decline and so patients retain the capacity for sensation of their disabilities. The nature of the disorder is likely to provoke an emotional response. The onset of the disease provides an illustration of the working of psychosocial examine model outlined in the ne xt chapter. Although ALS patients confront the disorder with courage (B.S. Gould, 1980), the debilitation caused by the disease challenges the capacity to adjust in even the most resolute individual. Luloff (1986) describes the demands and emotional sequelae of the disease as follows Loss of resources physical, psychological, social, and economic evokes grief and depression. As the patient anticipates experiences or experiences failures in mastering problems and challenges of every daylight life, he develops feelings of helplessness. Helplessness and failure, real or anticipated, lead to decrease of self-esteem, sense of worth, dignity and confidence. pettishness becomes mixed with dismay and accentuated by limitations in ability to master everyday problems, in achieving relief from tension, and in providing oneself with gratifying experiences. Anger is often directed against oneself for being damaged, helpless, and worthless, and a failure. . . . Anger is in any case directed a gainst other persons, and at indispensable processes which appear to be increasingly harsh and threatening as the individual becomes progressively impaired and weaker. (p. 268) Although anecdotical reports of depressive and emotional reactions are common in the literature, few studies pee examined emotionality in ALS systematically.Houpt, B. S. Gould, and Norris (1977) found that the incidence of depression in ALS was corresponding to that in cancer patients. About 65% of the ALS patients scored in the nil-mild range on the BDI, 32. 5% were moderately depressed, and 2. 5% were severely depressed. Other reactions to ALS feel been cited in clinical reports including denial (Tandan & Bradley, 1985), guilt (Luloff, 1986), and diminished self-esteem (Ringel, 1987). Emotional lability and inappropriateness have also been reported on occasion (Gallagher, 1989). These symptoms have been attributed to damage to brainstem nuclei.Controlled investigations of psychiatric symptoms suggest the se are not a consequence of ALS (Houpt et al. , 1977 Peters, Wedell, & Mulder, 1977). Families and health care providers are likely also to feel distressed by the onset and progress of the disease. The physical deficits reduce the patients mobility and communication, leading to greater dependence on the family for emotional and functional support. The demands refer in caring for the ALS sufferer at home can result in the caregiver feeling alone, housebound, and unappreciated. Financial dreads and preexisting family conflict may accentuate these problems (Ringel, 1987).For spousal caregivers there are many an(prenominal) changes in role to be contemplated. Finally it is important to recognize that many community with ALS correct to their illness in a creative, positive, and stoical manner. In an insightful commentary, B. S. Gould (1980) described how many ALS patients throw up a positive aspect to the people around them. Although this may mask a deeper and realistic concern or fear, the use of some degree of denial may represent an adaptive response to the disease. In his view, the role of the counselor may be to provide a supportive environment in which this despair may be acknowledgedThe ALS patients in our series frequently maintained a schema of partial denial throughout their illness, but in a most healthy fashion. Reality was not denied as much as redefined the most distressing immutable aspects of the disease were not part of mundane conscious cognitive operation, and hope was maintained. Under safe conditions that allowed reflection and ventilation, however, the second-order denial was easily overridden distressing awareness was allowed to tape the consciousness in a controlled fashion, and considerable dysphoric tension was discharged.Treatment Highlights In view of the fact that by far there is no treatment for ALS and there is no known cure. Current theraphy consists of a daily dose of an experimental do drugs. For this reason, it is sti ll best to count on the available resources for the treatment of ALS. The drug myotrophin will be injected twice a day, alternating left abdomen, right abdomen, left thigh, right thigh to reduce scarring, as well as regular visits from occupational and physical therapists. Neither drug is genuinely thought to do much, but they are all there is right now.The physical therapy controls the rate of atrophy and minimizes edema in the extremities. It is also helpful to ingest huge amounts of vitamins. Three thousand milligrams a day of vitamin C and 800 milligrams of vitamin E, both of which are thought to be especially important in protecting the outermost nerve cell sheath. Sublingual B12, antioxidants, CoQ10 and other dietary supplements are also thought to slow the diseases progression. Ventilation is Still on Top From the patients perspectives, there are certain issues on the use of mechanically skillful ventilation for the treatment of ALS.These may include the examination of the process of and factors involved in finding making by people severely disabled by the disease by the time they face the choice of whether to use the support of mechanical ventilation. Moreover, issues that should also be addressed will include patients furbish up on family, the decision as related to level of disability, and the ventilation availability through a cadaverous mask. Research format will include some(prenominal) general questions along with a demographic culture questionnaire.These general questions will focus on obtaining information about the process of the participant in their regard of the use of mechanical ventilation, their current decision on the use of mechanical ventilation, the influence of others, and their decisions commitment. Interviews will also be utilized for the participants so that they will be rated according to their function in the areas of speech, swallowing, lower and upper extremities with the use of ALS Severity Scale as designed by Hille l et al.(1989). The scale allows for rapid, ordinal measurement of the aforementioned areas. Each symptomatic area is rated from 1 to 10, with 10 indicating normal functioning and 1 reflecting the most severe disablement. A total score of 40 would denote normal functioning in all four areas. Since several participants were unaware of available ventilatory options, the physician on the question team individually met with the participants who had not already gained knowledge concerning ventilatory methods.During these meetings, the physician imparted basic information on the following the disease process that leads to respiratory insufficiency, simple measures such as positioning in alleviating respiratory distress, the capability to discontinue use of assisted ventilation, availability of palliative measures in end-stage ALS, care needs of people with the use of mechanical ventilation (such as suctioning of excess secretions management of the ventilator itself, including arrangemen t for regular alimentation and possible necessity of a caregiver 24 hours a day), and types of mechanical ventilation.The two basic methods of mechanical ventilation are a nasal mask and a tracheostomy. A tracheostomy is a surgical opening into the trachea to which a ventilator hose is connected. The nasal mask method is noninvasive and involves tiring a plastic mask apparatus over the nose, held in place by a whip around the back of the head. The mask can be awkward and uncomfortable and may slip out of place at night. Limitations In view of the reason that only a limited time was allowed for outcome of the work, fiscal and temporal constraints were in effect, thus limiting the size of the subject sample.The principal author was also the clinical social worker for the participants. The principal authors familiarity with the participants may have influenced the selection process and the responses of the participants. Patients who had no government agency of communication were not approached to take part in the study. Participant population was unequally distributed by gender, as there were 11 men and two women, and by race, as all were white. All participants had a comparable baseline knowledge of ventilatory methods.Four participants were atypical of classical ALS in that they had been diagnosed as having the disease for between nine and 23 years. A significant portion of the interviews with those participants already using mechanical ventilation was retrospective and based on recall. Not all participants answered all questions, and not all questions were applicable to all participants. Results may not be replicable with a different or larger sample. Conclusions Both past and present researches have failed on their quest for the cure or treatment of ALS.While this is apparently true, there are nevertheless several treatments that are found to be promising and responsive to patients. Individually, a specific approach may not be effective enough for treat ing ALS but a collaboration and combination of all known and practiced treatments is proved to be helpful. By now, this is the least that we can do for treating ALS while attempts are made in finding a cure for this certain incurable disease. References Caroscio J. (Ed. ). (1986). Amyotraphic lateral sclerosis A guide to patient care. New York Thieme.Gallagher J. P. (1989). Pathologic laughter and crying in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A search for their origin. Acia Neurologica Scandinavica. 80, 114-117. Gallassi R. , Montagna P. , Ciardulli C. , Lorusso S. , Mussuto V. , & Stracciari A. (1985). Cognitive harm in motor neuron disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 71, 480-484. Gould, B. S. (1980). Psychiatric aspects. In D. W. Mulder (Ed. ), The diagnosis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (pp. 157-168). Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin. Hillel, A. D. , Miller, R. M., Yorkston, K. , McDonald, E. , Norris, E H. , & Konikow, N. (1989). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Severit y Scale. Neuroepidemiology. 8, 142-150. Houpt J. L. , Gould B. S. , & Norris F. H. (1977). Psychological characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Psychosomatic Medicine. 39, 299-303. Hudson A. J. (1981). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its association with dementia, Parkinsonism, and other neurological disorders A review. Brain. 104, 217-247. Iwasaki Y. , Kinoshita M. , Ikeda K. , Takamiya K. , & Shiojima Y. (1990).Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its relation to motor disabilities. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 81, 141-143. Luloff P. B. (1986). Reactions of patients, family, and staff in dealing with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In J. Caroscio (Ed. ), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A guide to patient care (pp. 266-271). New York Thieme Publishers. Peters P. K. , Wedell M. S. , & Mulder P. W. (1977). Is there a characteristic personality profile in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Archives of Neurology. 35, 321-322. Poloni M. , Capi tani E.Mazzini L. , & Ceroni M. (1986). Neuropsychological meas ures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their relationship with CT-scan assessed cerebral atrophy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 74, 257-260. Ringel S. P. (1987). Neuromuscular disorders. New York Raven. Rowland L. P. (1987). Motor neuron diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Research progress. Trends in Neurosciences. 10, 393-397. Tandan R. , & Bradley W. G. (1985). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Part 1. Clinical features, pathology, and ethical issues in management. Annals of Neurology. 18, 271-280

Mood Disorder, an Umbrella Term to a Host of Disorders

Mood disorder this is a group of diagnosing in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV TR) which classifies psychic health, this particular one is when a persons mood is seen to be the underlying cause of genial health issues. This umbrellas a host of disorders, such as Bipolar Disease (SD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and in addition less severe depressions such as dysthymic or cyclothymic.Some mood disorders whoremaster be substance induced, (due to someones drug use) or alcohol induced, and other mood disorders could be Just one episode or recurrent. Personality disorders societal disorders, characterised by an item-by-items pattern of demeanour, cognition, and inner experience, these patterns of behaviour are developed advance(prenominal) on and are seen to be inflexible and cause distress and/or disability.For the pattern of behaviour to be classed as a disorder it means that the patterns displayed by the individual deviates from the social norms of the majority of society. Personality disorders this is a term that c everywheres several pretends of mental disorders, which are characterised by excessive worrying, uneasiness, reverence and pprehension about future uncertainties, which could be based upon real or imagined events. These crowd out then affect an individuals sensible and psychological health.Some people piece of tail experience continuous episodes of these symptoms whilst others are less frequent, so are separate as either generalised anxiety disorders or phobias. 1. 2) the strengths of the classification system are that it is structured and allows checkup checkup professionals to recognise the disorders and make an informed diagnosis. However there are limitations it is very black and white and doesnt assign ccount for other reasons as to why a disorder could occur, such as someone being in severe pain, or having social difficulties such as bullying.It also doesnt consider that there could be an coincide of disorders, and therefore can have a detrimental effect on diagnosis and delay the diagnosis and treatment in some circumstances. 1. 3) there are alternative frame releases for the diagnosis of mental distress. The first is the biological and medical frame work which considers factors such as brain defects, results of accidents and hereditary diseases when diagnosing any mental distress.There is also a behavioural framework which considers how learned habits can effect an individual and how external stressors combine with the individuals personality can cause result in mental disorder. 1. 4) If an individual is suffering from a mental distress or disorder the symptoms of this can be shown in varies ways and medical practitioners will be vigilant to these when diagnosing the individual.The symptoms shown can include The individual feeling sad or down for periods of age The individual withdrawing themselves from social situations Dramatic changes in he individuals eating habits The individuals refusal to take care of them self, (personal hygiene, changing clothes, facial expression after their property) Low energy, extreme tiredness Paranoia Hallucinations Excessive worrying or feeling of guilt over real or imagined events Confusion Extreme highs and extreme lows in the individuals mood Anger towards others, particular those come together to them and without due reason Hostility and violence towards others or themselves Changes in the individuals sex drive Suicidal thoughts softness to cope with daily tasks and stressors Abuse of alcohol or drugs Sometimes the symptoms can come in the form of a physical pain in the individuals chest, abdomen, back, head, and other unexplained aches and pains. It is often a close friend, family part or care giver that notices these changes in a person that must be reported and recorded.If I was to notice these changes in an individual in my care it would be my duty to approach the subject with the individual if th ey have the capacity, I would discuss with my manager the best course of action to take and ollow this through, it could be that I need to contact the individuals next of kin, GP, or social worker. 2. 1) An individual could experience a lot of forms of secernment due to misinformation, misinterpretation and common stereotypes society has. Potential or current employers could deter from a persons potential drop or ability due to not understanding how a mental disorder could affect someone, and in this case it could prove to make the individuals condition worse. Friends and family members can begin to fear the behaviour of the individual and and so withdraw from them. the individual has carers attending to them, the carers could take fearful or put up personal barriers. They could be hard-boiled with caution by all people known to them. 2. 2) Mental ill health can impact an individual in numerous ways. Psychologically and emotionally the individual may become locomote elevate from social groups and or family members who could add to their ill health. Mental health issues can impact a persons self-esteem and self-worth, which would cause them to feel more down and possibly have suicidal thoughts or tendencies. An individuals family and friends could become concerned about the individual, and therefore try to be there for them more, visit more regularly, and this would put a strain on them personally.Practically and financially an individuals mental ill health could affect their ability to work, therefore can have a detrimental effect on their ability to pay their bills and/or live twenty-four hour period to day. It can affect the persons ability to fill out forms when looking for a Job, or paperwork for their current role. They may also be unable to cope with everyday iving such as looking after themselves, family members or their property. If a person is suffering from mental ill health and is experiencing symptoms such as violence, paranoia and inabili ty their first mate work force would be impacted as they may not want to work this person, it could farewell them in danger or with an extra work load, or themselves not wanting to go to work as their work environment is disrupted.Using services the individual may withdraw from services they are already using such as day centres. They could feel unable to talk to people and therefore not enlist the aid f services such as social services, day centres, GPs, other medical services. on the individuals close family and friends. It could add extra pressure onto them to be there for the individual, and to take on further responsibility where they are concerned Positive impacts when a mental disorder is untreated or unknown the individual can become stuck, and not see a way forward, therefore viewing everything negatively and in turn this can cause the mental distress to spiral out of control.This can also affect the individuals family and friends who are trying to help, and trying to iv e them positive thoughts and suggestions, they may end up feeling ilk they should no longer bother to help, this would then result in them possibly giving up going the individual feeling more alone than ever. 2. 4) There are benefits to the individual, their family and social network and society with early intervention of an individuals mental health. The earlier a disorder is detected means that It can be treated early and recent studies have shown that early intervention means relapses are less likely, as is hospitalisation, and symptoms can be less severe.

Urbanisation

urbanization in the world today is an ongoing process that has a profound impact on peoples musical accompaniment conditions and health status. The globalisation of markets, the desire for higher education, increased use of communication, and new information technologies are the movement forces behind this process. The urbanisation process has marked effects on the natural and cultural environment, on lodging arrangements and social networks, as well as on work and employment patterns, non only in the cities, but also in the campestral areas.Access to health care, social services, and cultural activities are in numerous cases better in the cities, but there the access may not be evenly distributed among the population. fuss of urbanization is manifestation of lopsided urbanization, faulty urban planning, urbanization with poor economic base and without having running(a) categories . Hence Indias urbanization is followed by some basic problems in the field of 1) housing, 2) s lums, 3) transport 4) water fork out and sanitation, 5) water pollution and air pollution, 6)inadequate provision for social infrastructure ( school, hospital, etc ).Class I cities such as Calcutta , Bombay, Delhi, Madras etc micturate reached saturation level of employment generating capacity (Kundu,1997). Since these cities are suffering from of urban poverty, unemployment, housing shortage, crisis in urban infra-structural services these large cities can not absorb these distressed rural migrants i. e poor landless illiterate and un learninged agricultural mariners. Hence this migration to urban class I cities causes urban crisis more acute. 2 Most of these cities using capital intensive technologies can not generate employment for these distress rural poor.So there is transfer of rural poverty to urban poverty. Poverty induced migration of illiterate and unskilled labourer occurs in class I cities addressing urban involution and urban decay. 3 Indian urbanization is involuted not evoluted ( Mukherji, 1995). Poverty induced migration occurs due to rural push . Megacities grow in urban population (Nayak,1962) not in urban prosperity, and culture. Hence it is urbanization without urban functional characteristics.These mega cities are subject to extreme dingy slum and very cruel mega city denying shelter, drinking water, electricity,sanitation ( Kundu,,Bagchi and Kundu, 1999) to the extreme poor and rural migrants. 4 Urbanisation is degenerating social and economic inequalities ( Kundu and Gupta, 1996) which warrants social conflicts, crimes and anti-social activities. Lopsided and uncontrolled urbanization led to environmental abjection and degradation in the quality of urban life-pollution in sound, air, water, created by disposal of hazardous waste. Illiterate, low- skill or no-skill migrants from rural areas are absorbed in poor low grade urban unceremonious sphere of influence at a very low wage rate and urban informal sector becomes in-efficient a nd unproductive.

Linear Technology Essay

analog Technology is a technology participation that focuses on the different elements of semiconductors. The company mostly focuses on analog products within the semiconductor portion of the electronic industry. Linear Technology was unique in their salaryout policy in the sense that they started with announcing dividends and then continued onto repurchasing. Linear started dividends to substantiate the respect of investors as well as show that buying sh ars in the company of Linear was slight risky than all the other technology companies. Additionally, they repurchase pedigrees to offset the employee stock options that the company had as a large component of the employee compensation, which helped Linear in the years of low or slow sales. As give tongue to in the eluding description, Linear has a strong silver flow as a company. In the basis of the pecuniary motivatings for Linear Company, as a whole they need to make accredited they ar able to cover the executive stoc k option costs, as well as their uppercase investment in the fabrications facilities. In the case it is stated that Linear spent $200 million for raw(a) analog fabrication facilities, so in that locationfore that expense would be a large and important fiscal need.Additionally, they need to keep some money set aside for expansion in the future. Since they dont appear to be focusing on acquisitions at this point in age, they do not need to consider that in the financial needs, however if acquisitions do appear in the future they go away be needed to take under consideration. Companies are supposed to drive treasure by growing the order of the company and the stock or by returning cash to partake inholders. In the case of returning case to shareholders, it would be recommended as long as it is in line with the future strategic growth plan. As far as this particular case, there is nothing that indicates a specific growth plan in the near future solely it can be presumed to harb or some expansion in the future. Overall, it would be a good recommendation to return cash to shareholders as long as the executive stock options, fabrication investments, and strategic growth plans for the future kick in all be met. A benefit to pay out cash to shareholders is that it shows effectiveness in the company as a whole. By showing strength in the company, share monetary values in turn with will increase because investors chit-chatk higher dividends.Companies with higher dividends are seen are more valuable. A disadvantage to returningcash to shareholders is if Linear is unable to meet their dividend rate, they will be greatly punished and penalized causing their stock price to rapidly decrease. Additionally higher dividend mover less cash in the business for future growth, which limits possible expansions in the future. In the terms of tax revenue consequences, they should be relatively minimal since most of their investments are short-term investments. typically, in the business world, short-term investments unremarkably only have a tax of 1-3% which is nominal compared to others. Linear would only be remunerative taxes on the cash on the interest earned, which again will be relatively small.If Linear Technology were to pay out its entire cash balance as a special dividend, they would increase their risk of financial distress costs by greatly tightening their financial flexibility which may also raise extra transaction costs for the company. The bulletproofs value would greatly decrease because by gainful out the entire cash balance the company would be significantly diminishing their asset value. As shown in Exhibit A, the overall value of this action would decrease the firms value by the total cash times the rate of interest $1,565,200,000 * (1+3%) = $1,612,156,000. With the special dividend, Linears share price will increase by the amount of the dividend paid out. Therefore, with the number of shares outstanding at 312.4 million, t here will be an increase of $5.01/share as shown in Exhibit A. The current share price is $30.87, so with the special dividend, share price will increase by $5.10 to $35.97/share. Although share price and the value incurs changes with the payout of the entire cash balance, earnings and earnings per share remain the same. Earnings and earnings per share are not affected by the dividend payout.Another option Linear Technology has to exercise its excess cash balance, they can repurchase shares to increase the value of the firm. This repurchase option is beneficial to the company and shareholders because in an pioneer market share repurchase has no effect on the stock price. In addition, by repurchasing shares the firms earnings and earnings per share will increase. As shown in Exhibit B, by shrewd the total numbers of shares repurchased (total cash balance/price per share) and subtracting it from the number of shares outstanding will give us the number of shares leftoutstanding after the repurchase to be 261,703,052. Exhibit B shows how this decrease in the number of shares drove up the earnings per share value by $0.10 from $0.55 to $0.65. When the company repurchases shares instead of paying out in special dividends, the firms value will increase and it also allows the firm to retain its cash reserves within the company. In general, companies pay dividends for a number of reasons. Dividends provide consequence about the companys financial well being. Many investors prefer the steady and secure income that comes with dividends and see dividends as strength in the company and a sign of future positive earnings. Dividend initiators tend to be large and stable firms with low growth rates but emit high profitability ratings.Typically a company is at the mature stage of their business cycles and in turn causes the company to revert a large amount of money in cash. Paul Coghlan should recommend to not raise the dividends but to initiate buybacks. Linear already as higher dividends rates than all of its competitors. As a whole, the company 5 cents while Intel was only at 2 cents per share after the dividends were diluted. Also, if the company were to raise dividends, it would have to be at a level in which they could maintain for a long period of time and Linear does not have the extended amount of cash that Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco have and none of those companies have dividends at the level of Linear. Overall, Linear should do another stock buyback because earnings per share would increase since there will be fewer shares which will bump up the value of the stock.

Report on Primary School Essay

Drop- give away problem is not caused by twain single reason, in fact, a building block lot of divers(prenominal) factors pop off behind it. These factors atomic phone number 18 also inter-related to for each one other and in that locationfore one(a) factor influences many other factors. For scrutinyple, poverty has inter-linkages with many other factors that influences drop- come forward like character of education, agnate military strength etc. Poverty also has intra linkages with facts like direct cost, indirect cost and fortune cost of nurture, former(a) pressure for man and wife. As poverty is one of the major reasons behind drop-out, it has various linkages with most of the other problems.Although main(a) education is decl argond as tuition-free, there ar many direct cost like exam fees, enrollment fee original add together from the payment money is also acceptn for various reasons. These expenses deform a big problem for the little rest themes and i t influences dropping out because when survival is the issue, things like education is less(prenominal) important. Another problem was the hidden be of trailing that are clothes, pen and reputation, etc. e very(prenominal) of the 12 samples and their parents verbalise that buying clothes, pen and papers was a huge problem for them. tot altogethery of the parents said that as they are myopic people, these extra costs of trailing are unbearable to them. Almost all of 12 dropouts be possessed of disregarded naturalise frequently collectible to failure in obtaining these articles. They feared that they leave alone be punished if they go to shoal without pen or paper. Teachers said that children who come down to school without pen or paper cause a lot of trouble because they are unable to do any bod work and disturb the other students. So they are given punishment. The opportunity costs of schooling include line time, sibling care and foregone exculpateings of children. The opportunity costs of educating children are high in unworthy families because these families rely more on each member to contribute to the familys economic survival. Girls and women are the amateurish mob pressers. All of the 6 distaff samples labour in the nursing home is an economic necessity because it frees others to earn outside. All of them had to do important works like collecting water and firewood, washing utensils, overhauling in training and taking care of siblings. Dropouts who belonged to large families, less earning members and unstable income due to illness of earning members had to do occupy work forcash.All of the distaff samples told that they had worked in rich phratrys as domestic helps when their family needed cash or could not afford a satisfactory meal. It is difficult for abject families to afford the opportunity cost of schooling because the contribution of their childs labour at household work or earning is es directial at certain times for the survival of their families. All of these direct, hidden and opportunity costs are intra-linked with poverty, which causes unworthy attention rate.This encourages dropping-out as the school terms clash with the agri pagan cycle and those who miss school over s everal(prenominal) weeks drop behind, instructors withdraw their books and they are disqualified for earnings, as a result, they ultimately abandon school. Poverty is interlinked with look of education as scummy families cannot afford private tuitions for their children. Apart from a few parents most of them were uneducated and they could not give any effective help to their children in their studies. Hence these parents have regarded the need of going to private tuitions as a actually urgent one.All the samples agreed that students who took private tuitions completes in the tier and does well in exams. All the parents agreed that if the teachers had taught the students well in the class, then the parents would not have to overlook extra money to vent their children for private tuitions. The parents even said that the teachers do this deliberately to earn money. The students who run across private coaching wee promoted to the next class regardless of their results, so they do not bilk dropped from the PESP vexrs list. As a result, simply the children from solvent families are able to continue their studies. displace out due to disqualifying for PESP have been observed in this research amongst those households who sent their children to school afterward hearing about the PESP. During harvest period, there are many works to be done, so a lot of the children do not go to school. Consequently, many of them fail in the exams as they fail to take hold of up with the class due to absence. As a result, they get dropped from the PESP have gotrs list. So over again the economic factors affect the slip because it can be seen that only the children of the well to do families can receive p ayment.This is because since the children of solvent people do not have to work at home, they can attend school unremittingly and on the other hand, they can attain private lessons by using the money they get from stipend, so they can pass in the exams. Poverty is interlinked to students eagerness to learn. As the drop-out children belonged to the forgetful households they all suffered from certain extent of malnutrition. The samples told that usually they went to school after eating rice, rice crisps, banana, molasses etc and 7 of the children said that very oftentimestimes they had to take insufficient victuals and so they felt hungry in the class.Some of the children had to do household works and they felt tired and sleepy in the class. All of these children said they comprise it hard to shorten in the national. So the eagerness and motivation of the children of the brusque households are affected by their economic condition. The unrhythmic and low salary of teachers in fluences their motivation to teach and forces them to depend on alternative income sources like private tuition. As a result they are obligated to save their private students which create frustration amongst the other students.These children found school unfriendly and unfair. They become reluctant to attend school and as a result they miss classes and this causes poor surgical process in exams. All of these factors contributes to disqualifying from stipend course of instruction and finally leads to drop-out. Societal reasons are also found to be affecting drop-out of children, especially girls. The people of this village are very devotional and they think that school education is the trend of the new age. They think that receiving religious lessons is more important since it bequeath help them in the afterlife.Maximum people think that it is foolish for children of poor people to receive higher education because there are no such job opportunities for them, and the people who have no sure thing of their daytime meal leave alone obviously send their children to work and earn money to run the family, this is reality. force per unit area for early married couple is also accede as most of the alliance members agreed that this the safest option for the parents. Incidents of eve teasing were seen and sadly the societal pressure was on the girl as she will earn a sturdy reputation and her prospect of marriage will be ruined.These types of societal pressures are interlinked with un victualsive parental attitudes, because all parents and especially the poor parents do not have much of a say in the society and they are the most vulnerable ones. So the parents of a girl child prefer marriage over education as that is safest option and also this is what the society expects them to do. So all of these different factors are interlinked with each other which affects dropping out of children. CHAPTER 7 IMPACTS OF PESP 7. 1 BACKGROUND OF PESP.The most notable amo ng the bonus programs undertaken by the presidential term at the autochthonic level were the Food for Education programme (FFE) and the Primary educational stipend Program (PESP). The FFE Program was launched in 1993 to increase the enrollment, persistence, and attention rates of children from landless and very poor families. Forty percent of the children enrolled in capital schools in the targeted poor areas received a monthly allotment of wheat or rice for their family if they attended primeval school regularly.To be bailable for receiving the food, the children were to be present at school for 85 percent of classes each month. A sliding scale increased the add up if more than one child per family attended school. Ultimately, the FFE was implemented in 1255 unions, covering 27 percent of the country. The earth Banks 1998 Poverty Assessment found that the FFE did raise enrollment and attention rates, and by 2000, the FFE program had covered about 27 percent of all pr imary schools in Bangladesh. Out of 5. 2 gazillion students enrolled in schools with FFE, about 40 percent received food grains (mostly wheat) through the program.About two one million million families benefited from the FFE program. But there negative issues related to the FFE program as well. It suffered from high levels of leakage (it cost 1. 59 taka to transfer 1 taka in benefits) and was poorly targeted (50 percent of the beneficiaries came from households above the lower poverty line). pluss in the equipment casualty of the food commodities in 2001-2002 caused the government of Bangladesh to reduce the amount of food assistance, until the program was discontinued in June 2002.However, ecumenical primary education was still far from achieving. So, a new program, the PESP was introduced. The new Primary Education Stipend run into was designed to provide cash assistance through a stipend program to poor primary school disciples and their families throughout rural Banglades h. The targeted beneficiaries of the PESP were an estimated 5. 5 million pupils from the poorest households who were enrolled in eligible primary schools in all rural areas of Bangladesh (469 upazillas).In order to qualify for the stipend, selected pupils were to maintain 85 percent monthly attending and attain a minimum of 50 percent marks on the annual exam administered for each grade. To continue to participate in the program, a school must demonstrate at least 60 percent pupil attendance, and 10 percent of its grade 5 pupils must sit for the Primary trail Scholarship Exam. Households of qualifying pupils would receive 100 taka (about $1. 76) per month for one pupil (not to exceed 1200 taka annually) and 125 taka per month for more than one pupil (not to exceed 1500 taka annually).Six designated national desires would disburse the stipends on a quarterly basis to authorized parents/guardians on a pre- studyd date at the local bank branch or at a temporary statistical distribu tion post (camp) established at a pleasant location within 5 kilometres of the school site. Stipends would be disbursed to pupils parents or legal guardians who present the proper PESP bank-issued identity card. Preferences were to be given to issuing cards to the mothers of the selected pupil. The new features of the PESP were Subsidies provided in cash, rather than in kind (as in the FFE Program) would ease transfer to poor recipients and would limit the involvement of school personnel in distribution (FFE essential teachers to dole out the wheat and rice). Cost-effectiveness would increase as the government of Bangladesh can offer stipends to more families for the equivalent cost and not be vulnerable to increases in food prices (as with the FFE Program that necessitated decreasing the amount of food provided). The stipend amount is fixed at a level that will significantly offset household poverty (unlike the 25 taka offered through the PES Project).The cash stipend is more flexible, so the family can determine its best use check to their needswhether it is used for food purchase, school expenses or financing income generating activities (unlike the FFE Program where households often sold the food at less than market value to obtain cash). Disbursing the stipend currency to the mother will increase her power within the household and she will be more credibly to spend the money to improve the childrens welfare (earlier programs disbursed to fathers or male household heads).Leakage will be reduced because (i) commodities (such as the FFE Programs wheat and rice rations) are more conjectural to misappropriation and (ii) bank-mediated distribution authorises scope for underpayment or kick-backs. Provision of stipends on a nation-wide basis (rather than in selected areas) will reach the poor families throughout rural Bangladesh who must restrict their childrens participation in primary school. 7. 2 ProgramME Performance.The Primary Education Stipend Pr oject (PESP) aims to increase the educational participationenrollment, attendance, persistence, and performanceof primary school-aged children from poor families throughout Bangladesh by providing cash payments to targeted households. The new Primary Education Stipend Project is designed to provide cash assistance through a stipend program to poor primary school pupils and their families throughout rural Bangladesh. The adjoins of PESP in the research area are described below according to the official objectives of the PESP Increase the enrolment rate among primary school-aged children from poor families. The researcher found this objective lucky to roughly extent because the statistics provided by the teachers show that enrolment rate has increased after the PESP have been introduced. The school enrolled the new students in only class one. The numbers of enrolment of last five years has been shown in the table below. Year telephone number of students enrolled in class 1Total stu dents of the school 200084270 200195280 2002102288 2003108295 2004116309 Table 6 The number of students enrolled in class 1. Increase the attendance rate of primary school pupils. The PESP rationale is that regular attendance will improve pupils teaching outcomes and contribute to good grades on exams. Attaining 40 percent marks will motivate the pupil to study and the pupils family to retain his/her studies, by ensuing school attendance (not withdrawing for labour) and providing the necessary supplies and inputs. Combined these conditions are expected to lead to reduced repetition and drop-out and increased completion. Meeting the attendance requirement on a monthly basis willdetermine the amount of the quarterly stipend disbursement.If a pupil does not meet the condition, the stipend will not be paid for that month. Classroom teachers record attendance daily, look into by head teachers. The 85 percent target is relatively high, compared with average primary school attendance r ates that are reported to be 61 percent or below and even with the FSSAP which has a target of 75 percent. This objective was not very successful as the attendance rate was very poor in the primary school were this research have been done. Teachers said that in general attendance rate is well below 85 percent.Students from the poor households are the most irregular ones. The reason for inattentiveeeism is in the beginning due to the inability to pay for school expenses and/or the need to work either at home or outside the home. However, in somewhat of the cases, reasons behind absorbedeeism were temporary or chronic illness, disinclination for schooling, bad weather, flooding, etc. During the rainy season the attendance was low as the roads were muddy and slippery and exile was unavailable. During the bad whether some of them stayed absent as they didnt want to damage their clothes.Two of the samples said that they had only two clothes, of which one was torn so they wore it in the house and the other one they wore in the school. They remained absent if the better cloth was wet as they couldnt were the other one. The direct and opportunity costs of schooling, cultural constraints and prejudices, and special needs of vulnerable childrenprevent these children from going to school. Although primary education is declared as tuition-free, there are many direct costs like exam fees, enrolment fee etc and with this there are many indirect costs like pen, papers, clothes etc.Though the stipend money was a help to some extent to the poor families, it was distributed after 3 months and during that time whenever the family couldnt afford the necessary equipments, the children remained absent. Although the stipend receivers said that they bought pen, papers, clothes etc, they also said they still missed school whenever they couldnt lot them as they were given punishments. Another reason for low attendance of the students was the opportunity cost of the child.Students frequently remained absent during different times of agricultural cycles as their labour was needed by their family. In the rainy seasons some of the boys helped their father in boat rowing so they stayed absent and because of this, they were dropped from the stipend receivers list. Reduce the drop out rate of primary school pupils and increase the cycle completion rate of primary school pupil. conflicting enrollment, persistence in primary school requires an ongoing household commitment that, especially among the vulnerable poor, is slow assailed by family circumstances (e.g. illness, death), the economy, and a host of other factors.The continuous payment of a stipend for the pupils entire primary school careerdoes provide both motivation and a fiscal cushion for the family by component part to offset the opportunity costs associated with economic hardship that could pull a child from school. However, as a child ages both the direct and opportunity costs (for boys in the labo ur market and girls in the marriage market) increase, and the stipend is not sufficient to meet these costs.In addition, considerations other than monetarysuch as lack of interest in schooling, dissatisfaction with the pure tone of schooling, cultural imperatives to marry, etc. whitethorn come into play that are not amenable to financial incentives. Although primary education is declared as tuition-free, there are many direct costs like exam fees, enrolment fee certain amount from the stipend money is also taken for various reasons. These expenses become a big problem for the poor households and it influences dropping out. The number of drop-out children in last five years is given below.Table 7 Number of dropouts in the last 5 years provided by the school YearNumber of drop-out childrenNumber of children completed class fiveTotal students in class five 1999104555 2000124254 2001114455 2002114960 2003124759 Chart The number of dropouts and completions during last five years Althou gh the dropout numbers provided by the school shows that dropout from school in class five is around 10 to 12, the researcher found that in reality the number was more than that as certain amount of underwriting is done so that the school remains in the PESP allotting list.The PESP stipend does not bug out to meaningfully offset the opportunity costs of child labour, averaging less than 5 taka per day or $2 per month. But, its ability to attract children from the labour market to school clearly depends on the situation of the family. It is unlikely that a desperately poor family would be able to forego the income or even the food earned by a regularly-employed child. However, in some cases the child may continue to earn a sufficient amount outside of school hours and during school absences tolerated by the PESP (15 percent).The excess 25 taka per month for any subsequent children enrolled in primary school represents a much smaller contribution towards meeting the opportunity cost of schooling, and acts more as a reward to those households who have already made the decision to send their children to school than to encourage households to send non-attending children to school. Since opportunity costs must also be added to direct costs of schooling to assess the real cost, families of functional children may not be able to cover both the sacrifice of a childs income or labour and the cash outlays for the direct costs discussed above. both(prenominal) the direct and opportunity costs of schooling increases as the child ages and progresses in primary school, increasing the heart and soul for very poor families. Consequently, the PESP stipend may not be sufficient to overcome the financial barriers to primary schooling in families where children must work constantly to increase household production or income or to feed themselves. Enhance the quality of primary education.The PESP is least likely to be successful in up(p) the quality of education (as defined by learning outcomes and completion rates), because it places the entire burden of quality benefit on the child (maintaining high attendance) and household (purchasing educational inputs to ensure good grades), rather than on the teacher or school. First, failure to achieve is more often the result of poor instruction than of incapable students.Second, families targeted for support are poor, and it is far more likely that the stipend will be used to provide additional food and clothing for the family than purchase educational materials or tutoring for a primary school child. And while it would not be reasonable to expect a stipend program to also be a quality improvement program, the PESP may have negative consequences for educational quality of the 75-85 percent of primary school-age children already in school by diverting resources away fromneeded supply-side improvements.The impact of PESP in the research area seemed to favour access over quality. The teachers said as the most of the parents who enrolled their children for stipend, they dont worry about the quality of education instead they want to receive the stipend money anyhow. This attitude can never help to improve quality of education. Ensure equity in the provision of financial assistance to primary school-age children and better poverty.Bangladesh ranks as one of the poorest countries in the world, with a GDP per capita of $350. The poor account for about 50 percent of Bangladeshs total population, and 37 percent are counted among the hard-core poor, who live in the direst circumstances (Bangladesh humanity Development Report 2000, BIDS). That fifty-three percent of pupils in the primary education system come from poor households reflects the high demand for primary education among Bangladeshi parents.Ultimately, much of the success of the PESP in combating poverty and helping families deal with the direct and opportunity costs of sending their children to primary school will depend on the validi ty of the targeting mechanism and on the real value of the stipend in offsetting those costs. Primary school-age children become eligible for stipend benefits if their families meet at least one of the following five targeting criteria ? Children from a landless or near-landless household that owns less than half an acre of land ? Children of day labourers?Children from female-headed households (i. e. , a household headed by a female who is widowed, separated from husband, divorced, or having a disabled husband) ? Children from households that earn their living from low-income professions (such as, fishing, pottery, weaving, blacksmithing, and cobbling) and ? Children of sharecroppers. At present, the targeting methodology does not appear sufficiently well-defined to ensure that the poorest families in Bangladesh benefit, but rather the poorer families relative to their specific locale (which may not be terribly poor).With no clear-cut guidelines or empirical methods for identifying the poorest students, it is not clear how poor children can be identified. More over, a lot of community members and parents of the dropout children blamed the teachers and SMC members of deliberate biases and distortions. Almost universally, those interviewed said that SMC members and teachers complicit in giving favour to local elites and the non-poor in school admission and enrollment in the PESP or extracting some form of payment for consideration.Because the SMC members are generally members of the local elite, it has been told by the parents of the drop-outs and community member that they have a tendency to favour their own friends and relatives. The stipend amount appears sufficient to cover the education costs of one child, but the PESP often employs a rationale that double- and triple-counts the stipend, by stating that it will offset direct costs, eliminate opportunity costs, and increase household income.It is unlikely that the stipend is adequate to address all three at the same time. It does not appear to fully recognize that the PESP will also cause the familiesespecially those with working childrento incur significant costs that may not represent a net gain for the household (at least in the short-term). The PESP may be too expensive for very poor households whose children are not already enrolled, as the stipend amount is not sufficient to pay for education, compensate for lost requital/production and increase household income as well.Poverty impedes households ability to pay for school fees and/or other direct (e. g. textbooks) and indirect (e. g. donations for school authorities) costs that may be required for school admission or full participation in primary school. misfortunate households are more likely to need childrens labour for income-producing or cost-saving activities, and be less able to sacrifice the childs time to schooling, resulting in frequent absenteeism and/or early withdrawal from school. The poor are more prone to diseas e and malnutrition than the non-poor.Poor health and nutritional status among young and school-aged children can result in illness and/or fleshly and cognitive impairment or delays, causing late enrollment, drop-out, absenteeism and poor learning outcomes. Additional objectives (mentioned by MOPME officials) annihilation of child labour and empowerment of women were the additional objectives. PESP could not eradicate child labour as it was seen that the samples often missed classes because of various household works.All of the 6 male samples helped their fathers in the field at different times of agricultural cycles. The boys who worked in the agricultural field worked in two phases. For working in the daybreak from 8AM to 1PM, they received 1 meal and 50 to 70 taka and for working from 2PM to 5PM, they are given 30 taka. In the rainy season a some of the male samples helped their fathers in boat rowing. Girls and women are the unpaid household labourers.All of the 6 female sampl es labour in the household is an economic necessity because it frees others to earn outside. All of them had to do important works like collecting water and firewood, washing utensils, helping in cooking and taking care of siblings. Because of these reasons, parents were reluctant to spare their daughters for schooling. There is no evidence of gender disparity in enrollment rates among the poor, but it is likely that girls who belonged to poor families are less likely to persist and perform in school than boys.But as there is a stipend programme for the secondary female students, girls are now getting the opportunity for higher studies. Social bear upon of PESP Irrespective of the PESPs impact on primary education or its reaching the poorest 40 percent of families, the prevalence of poverty in Bangladesh is such that the PESP must be regarded as a positive move in improving genial welfare, in that it represents a substantial redistribution or transfer of income from the wealthier sections of society to the poorer ones.Given the rural focus, it is seen that these cash transfers has some positive impact on the economies of small rural communities. As households spend the PESP stipend on commodities (books, food, clothing, etc) and run (tutoring, medical, etc. ), the effects are rippling through the community, generating additional income for merchants and suppliers. Insofar as mothers are the stipend recipients, it is expected that they will have decision-making authority over its use and their economic prestige will be enhanced somewhat.The political and social impact is also positive as beneficiary poor families and community members appreciate the recognition of need and the benefits offered by the PESP. But the major negative impact of this program is that those parents who sent their children to school after hearing about the stipend money, many of them withdrew their children when they were dropped from the stipend receivers list.These parents were unaw are of the rules for achieving the stipend and they became unwarranted and stung by the rules. They also claimed that rules are strictly followed in the cases of poor students and teachers showed biasness while distributing stipends. According to them, the students who take private tuitions from the teachers and the children of the rich and powerful people receive stipend even if they are irregular or have failed in exams. Many of the parents said with anger that the strictness of rules happens only for the poor.Thus even though the stipend programme has increased the enrolment rate it has also became a reason for dropping out of children. The people who have two or more children enrolled in school do not support the rule of Tk. 125 for two children. They feel that all of their children should receive Tk. 100 each. Some of the parents of the dropouts were very annoyed with this rule. Few dropout children had their siblings reading in the same schools as well, so the amount of money received from PESP due to this rule made the parents take different strategy.Although both children received stipend, many of these parents withdrew their eldest child from school and engaged them in work, while the other children continued studying as long as they receive stipend. It is difficult for a poor family to afford the opportunity cost of more then one child. intercellular substance 1Knowledge, attitude and perception towards the primary education stipend project Key issues Students ParentsTeachersCommunity 1. Knowledge regarding the project. picking criteriaFor poor and regular students, in primary school are eligible for stipendFor poor and regular students85% attendance and at least 45% pass marks in each subjects in all examsGiven to all poor and good students schools Retention CriteriaRegular attendance and at least pass marks in all examsRegular attendance and good result85% attendance and at least 50% pass marks in each subjects in all examsRegular attendance in sc hool and good result Disbursement ProcessDistributed by bank officials or teachers to the students in school/nearby camps arranged for disbursement.Distributed from school and received by studentsDistributed from school or camps arranged by UPO in the presence of headmaster, class teacher, and SMC members Distributed by school among students 2. Attitude towards the projectBeneficial for all especially the poor. Helpful for allHighly beneficial particularly to the poor studentsHelpful for children Adequacy of stipend amount Disbursement processNot sufficient and should be increased ReasonableInadequate for expenses of direct and hidden costs but still helpful.ReasonableThough inadequate but helpful for the very poor students Though reasonable but takes a whole working day Key issuesStudentsParentsTeachersCommunity 3. Impact of the project Enrollment Attendance increase, particularly for the poor students change magnitude a little Increased Increased a little Increased for all, and e specially increased for poor students Attendance is still the same amongst poor students but in general increased a little Increased Probably more regular than before Dropout Completion rate Incidence of early marriage.Support towards female education Family pressure for marriage Social pressure for marriage diminish High politic the same Same as before Still the same Still the sameLess than before Higher than before Still the same Increased a little Decreased a little Still the sameDecreased a little Higher than before Still the same Increased a little Still the same Still the sameDecreased a little Higher than before Still the same Increased Decreased a little Still the same Key issues Students ParentsTeachersCommunity 4. Problems regarding the project.Inadequate stipend amount Late distribution of text books Late disbursement of stipend Extortion of stipend money in forms of school fees and private tuitionInadequate stipend amount, Indirect cost of schooling (fees, uniform, cost of education aids), Late distribution of stipend Extortion of stipend money in forms of school fees and private tuitionInadequate stipend amount for the very poor students, Lack of training opportunities for teachers in the project Late disbursement of stipend money by the government Inadequate stipend amount 7. 3 IMPACTS ON BENEF.